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如何提高你的英語(yǔ)寫作能力?這四個(gè)技巧讓你分分鐘從C飆A

來(lái)源:好上學(xué) ??時(shí)間:2024-04-01

寫作文對(duì)于學(xué)生本身就是一件讓人叫苦連天的事情,而用英文寫,那可絕對(duì)是噩夢(mèng)。既要寫的環(huán)環(huán)相扣,富有邏輯性,又要用恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽脑~匯表達(dá)出自己細(xì)膩的情感。唉,北美學(xué)霸君也是hold不住啊。其實(shí),每一篇我們膜拜的好文章都經(jīng)歷了多次修改的錘煉,只有不斷的自我修改,自我審視,才能提高自己的寫作水平:成為一代寫作大神。同學(xué)們,仔細(xì)的閱讀下文的建議,開始努力吧!

  怎樣修改一篇作文

  OnWritingWell的作者WilliamZinsser認(rèn)為,改寫是寫作至關(guān)重要的一部分(Rewritingistheessenceofwriting)。很少有人能一下筆就寫出完美的文章,好作品都是經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次修改之后形成的。

  這句話放在平時(shí)的寫作練習(xí)也同樣合適,修改是一個(gè)很重要的寫作環(huán)節(jié),在打磨一篇文章的過(guò)程中,我們能夠?qū)W到很多關(guān)于用詞、句式和邏輯的知識(shí)。每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)修改作文。一般來(lái)說(shuō),我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手對(duì)文章進(jìn)行修改:

  1)用詞:對(duì)照詞典檢查是否出現(xiàn)詞不達(dá)意或用詞冗余現(xiàn)象;

  2)句式:檢查是否有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,比如主謂一致,垂懸句式,時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題等。對(duì)于冗余句子可以進(jìn)行精簡(jiǎn)。

  3)邏輯:檢查各個(gè)論點(diǎn)是否符合要求,論據(jù)是否充分有力,段落展開過(guò)程是否做到邏輯清晰。

  為了更好地說(shuō)明上述修改過(guò)程,我以最近修改的一篇學(xué)生作文為例進(jìn)行分析:

  這是一篇雅思作文,原始題目如下:

  Peoplebelievethatusingmobilephonesandcomputerstocommunicatemakeuslosetheabilitytocommunicatewitheachotherfacetoface.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?

  原始作文版本如下:

  Weliveinaworldwherecommunicationthroughstate-of-the-arttechnologysuchassmartphoneandcomputerisheretostay.Somepeopleconsiderthosewall-to-walltoolscanharmourabilitytocommunicatewithpeoplefacetoface.Iconcurwiththisopinion.Idobelievephonesandcomputersnotonlyrobmanofmuchtimeandroomforfacetoface,butalsoreducethelevelofpeople’sinterpersonalcommunicationskills.

  Themoderncommunicationtoolsaregoingtomakemassiveinroadsintodailylife,directlyreducingpeople’stimeandopportunityforfacetoface.AmostpopularYouTubevideo—“IForgotMyPhone”isacaseinpoint.Thetwo-minutevideobeginswithacoupleinbed.Thewomanstaressilentlywhileherboyfriendpaysnomindandcheckshissmartphone.Thesubsequentscenesfollowwomenthroughadaythatisdownrightdystopian:peopleignoreherastheystareattheirphonesduringlunch,ataconcert,whilebowlingandevenatherbirthdayparty.Theclipendswithwomenbackinbedwithherboyfriendattheendoftheday;heisstillusinghisphone.Itneedlespeopleaboutaddictiontothatlittlescreenandsuggestshowamodernelectronicgizmonibblesawayatpeople’sface-to-facetimeandchances.Smartphoneandcomputer-obsessedculturealsokillman’sskillsonreadingnon-verbalcommunication.Accordingtopsychologist,90%ofcommunicationbetweenpeopleisnon-verbal.Suchastheexpressiononface,bodilygesturesortoneofvoice,tonamebutafew,canallshowone’sfeelingsorthoughtstotheother.However,ifsomeone,dayandnight,isgluedtothescreenofmobilephoneforchattingandtweetingand,allthetime,ismarriedtovirtualworldsofcomputerforgamingandsocializing,hewillhardtocatchthesubtletoneinemployersvoice,seeparents’expressionasitchangesfromsadtooutraged,andlookpartnersintheeyetoseeiftheyaretrustworthy.Infact,peopleheavilyrelyingonscreensandlosingnon-verbalcommunicationcouldgiverisetosuspicions,misunderstanding,evendivisions.Inconclusion,Iamconvincedthattechnology,especiallycomputersandphones,isagoodservantbutabadmasterforcommunication.Ifpeoplewerecontinuedtostareatscreens,theywouldhavelosttruefacetofaceandevenmorethannow.

  這篇文章可以從下面幾個(gè)角度進(jìn)行修改:

  用詞

  用詞不當(dāng):

  1)Smartphoneandcomputer-obsessedculturealsokillman’sskillsonreadingnon-verbalcommunication.kill不能和skill搭配,此處可以改成hinder/weaken,后面的介詞搭配也有誤,不能說(shuō)skillondoingsth.而是skillat/indoingsth.

  2)bodilygestures生造表達(dá),可以改為bodylanguage

  3)Infact,peopleheavilyrelyingonscreensandlosingnon-verbalcommunicationcouldgiverisetosuspicions,misunderstanding,evendivisions.其中heavilyrelyingonscreens詞不達(dá)意,這里要表達(dá)的意思是“對(duì)于過(guò)度依賴手機(jī)通訊的人”,句子可以改成Heavyrelianceoneletroniccommunicationcouldleadtomisunderstandings.

  4)Iamconvincedthattechnology,especiallycomputersandphones,isagoodservantbutabadmasterforcommunication.

  其中master同樣詞不達(dá)意。句子大意是“手機(jī)和電腦是好工具,但不利于通信”,這里建議直接寫成Iamconvincedthatsmartphonesandcomputersdomoreharmthangoodwhenitcomestocultivating/developing/buildinginterpersonalskills.

  冗余:

  1)canallshowone’sfeelingsorthoughtstotheother...其中totheother對(duì)于句意表達(dá)沒有幫助,可以去除。

  2)Idobelievephonesandcomputersnotonlyrobmanofmuchtimeandroomforfacetoface,butalsoreducethelevelofpeople’sinterpersonalcommunicationskills.

  其中interpersonal本身就帶有communication的含義,不能重復(fù)使用。整個(gè)句子可以改成Phonesandcomputerschewupourtimeandweakenourinterpersonalskills.

  此外,這篇文章的用詞不夠多樣,例如facetoface詞組出現(xiàn)了5次,communication出現(xiàn)了7次,phone出現(xiàn)了10次,它們都可以通過(guò)靈活使用其他表達(dá)來(lái)替換。

  句式:

  1)結(jié)尾最后一句Ifpeoplewerecontinuedtostareatscreens,theywouldhavelosttruefacetofaceandevenmorethannow.作者原本是想使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,但用法有誤,這里并不是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,而是一種假設(shè):假如人們繼續(xù)過(guò)度使用手機(jī)和電腦,他們就會(huì)失去當(dāng)面溝通的能力。

  句子可以改成Ifpeoplerelyheavilyonelectroniccommunication,theywilllosetheirabilitytocommunicateeffectively.

  邏輯:

  比起用詞和句式方面的不足,這篇文章比較大的問(wèn)題在于論證邏輯。題干要求是論證手機(jī)和電腦是否削弱了人們面對(duì)面溝通的能力,作者對(duì)此持肯定態(tài)度,認(rèn)為這些電子產(chǎn)品的過(guò)度使用會(huì)使人們的溝通能力下降。

  文章論證過(guò)程是:在主體第一段指出手機(jī)目前占用人們大部分的時(shí)間,并且以Youtube上一個(gè)視頻作為例證。但作者在這里并沒有指出為何手機(jī)占用時(shí)間就會(huì)造成面對(duì)面溝通能力的下降,缺乏對(duì)兩者的邏輯關(guān)系的說(shuō)明。

  正確的邏輯鏈條應(yīng)該是:人們因?yàn)檫^(guò)度使用手機(jī)而造成面對(duì)面溝通機(jī)會(huì)和時(shí)間的減少,這種情況如果持續(xù)過(guò)長(zhǎng),他們就會(huì)因?yàn)槿狈τ?xùn)練而導(dǎo)致溝通能力退化。

  在主體第二段,作者指出,目前在面對(duì)面溝通中,非語(yǔ)言溝通(例如面部表情以及肢體語(yǔ)言)占了很大比例。沉迷手機(jī)和電腦會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們難以理解這種非語(yǔ)言溝通形式,進(jìn)而帶來(lái)很多問(wèn)題。但此處的論證同樣存在問(wèn)題:為什么沉迷手機(jī)和電腦就會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們難以理解非語(yǔ)言溝通形式?

  這里邏輯出現(xiàn)了跳躍,補(bǔ)全之后是:沉迷手機(jī)和電腦會(huì)使人們不愿意或很少有時(shí)間與其他人溝通,如果太久沒有面對(duì)面溝通機(jī)會(huì),人們這種理解非語(yǔ)言形式的能力就會(huì)退化,進(jìn)而影響面對(duì)面溝通能力。把這一層意思表達(dá)出來(lái)后,整個(gè)邏輯鏈條才完整。因此這篇文章改寫的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是理清邏輯,明確主要的論點(diǎn)論據(jù)?,F(xiàn)在我們重新思考一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題:為什么手機(jī)和電腦的過(guò)度使用會(huì)導(dǎo)致面對(duì)面溝通能力的下降?除了上面提到的非語(yǔ)言溝通形式之外,手機(jī)和電腦還會(huì)帶來(lái)下面這些影響:

  1)很多人在使用電腦或手機(jī)聊天的時(shí)候很難保持專注,因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)受到大量的信息干擾(比如手機(jī)推送的新聞和游戲信息等)。

  習(xí)慣了網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天的人注意力持續(xù)時(shí)間會(huì)變短,談話的時(shí)候容易分心,這會(huì)對(duì)他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的交流造成障礙。

  2)不少人習(xí)慣了在網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天中使用各種流行語(yǔ)和縮寫,這種習(xí)慣也會(huì)被帶到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中來(lái)。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語(yǔ)往往難登大雅之堂,使用過(guò)多會(huì)給人留下不好的印象。

  綜合以上分析之后,我們可以開始組織語(yǔ)言對(duì)文章進(jìn)行改寫了。下面是我改寫的版本,文章沒有使用模板以及大詞難詞,加粗的短語(yǔ)來(lái)自《地道英文寫作進(jìn)階》一書:

  改寫版本

  Weliveinaworldwheresmartphonesandcomputersareheretostay.Whilenewtechnologymakesiteasierforustokeepintouchwithpeoplefromfarandwide,italsorisksweakeningourabilitytocommunicateeffectively.

  Theproliferationofsmartgadgetscouldinmanywayshinderface-to-facecommunicationskills.Startwithnon-verbalone.Accordingtopsychologists,90%ofcommunicationbetweenpeopleisnon-verbal,i.e.facialexpressionsandbodylanguage.Itrevealsone’struefeelingsandthoughtsthatarehardtoconveythroughtextingorsendingvoicemessages.Aspeoplegrowaccustomedorevengetaddictedtousingelectronicdevicestostayconnected,theymayshyawayfromsocialoccasionswhereacertaindegreeofinteractionisrequired,suchasfamilymealsandteamsports.Therefore,theywouldnotbeabletodeveloptheabilitytoreadbetweenthelines,andthiscouldmakethemfeelsociallyawkwardandplacethematadisadvantageinimportanteventssuchasjobinterviewsandbusinessnegotiations.

  Moreover,phonesandcomputersmaychangepeople’sconversationalbehaviourfortheworse.Heavyusersofsuchelectronicsoftenhaveashortattentionspanandaremorelikelytojumpfromtopictotopicwhenanideaspringstomind.Asaconsequence,theymaybecomeunfocusedandsidetrackedduringofflineconversations.Internetslangalsodoesitsbit.Today,youngsterswhotextwithabbreviatedformsofwordstendtospeakwiththesameacronymsanduseinternetcatchphrasesheavily.Theseformsoftalkingareoftenconstruedasflightyanduneducated,fromwhichmisunderstandingsensue.

  Inconclusion,Iamconvincedthatsmartphonesandcomputersdomoreharmthangoodwhenitcomestocultivatinginterpersonalskills.Forthosewhoaremarriedtothewizardryofelectronicworld,turningofftheirdigitalgadgetsmaybethefirststepinbecominganeffectivecommunicator.

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